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This means the brain-to-body mass ratio is, on average, approximately the same for both sexes. [83] [84] Comparing a male and a female of the same body size, an average difference of 100 grams in brain-mass is present, the male having the bigger and heavier brain. This difference of 100 grams applies over the whole range of human sizes.
A scanner used to measure bone density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to density in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging. [1]
Structurally, adult male brains are on average 11–12% heavier and 10% bigger than female brains. [21] Though statistically there are sex differences in white matter and gray matter percentage, this ratio is directly related to brain size, and some [ 22 ] argue these sex differences in gray and white matter percentage are caused by the average ...
Osteopenia, known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. [1] Because their bones are weaker, people with osteopenia may have a higher risk of fractures , and some people may go on to develop osteoporosis . [ 2 ]
The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are advanced age (in both men and women) and female sex; estrogen deficiency following menopause or surgical removal of the ovaries is correlated with a rapid reduction in bone mineral density, while in men, a decrease in testosterone levels has a comparable (but less pronounced) effect.
A wide variety of body composition measurement methods exist. The gold standard measurement technique for the 4-compartment model consists of a weight measurement, body density measurement using hydrostatic weighing or air displacement plethysmography, total body water calculation using isotope dilution analysis, and mineral content measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). [1]
Peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life. [1] It typically occurs in the early 20s in females and late 20s in males. [ 2 ] Peak bone mass is typically lower in females than males, and is also lower in White people and Asians compared to black populations. [ 1 ]
Treeshrews hold about 10% of their body mass in their brain. [16] Generally speaking, the larger the animal, the smaller the brain-to-body mass ratio is. Thus, large whales have very small brains compared to their weight, and small rodents like mice have a relatively large brain, giving a brain-to-body mass ratio similar to humans. [4]