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The Ludwig-McGill HPV Cohort is one of the world's largest longitudinal studies of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer risk. It was established in 1993 by Ludwig Cancer Research and McGill University in Montreal, Canada. [206]
HPV+OPC presents in one of four ways: as an asymptomatic abnormality in the mouth found by the patient or a health professional such as a dentist; with local symptoms such as pain or infection at the site of the tumor; with difficulties of speech, swallowing, and/or breathing; or as a swelling in the neck (if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes).
Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus. [1] Other symptoms may include pain, itchiness, or discharge from the anus. [1] A change in bowel movements may also occur. [1] Risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV/AIDS, receptive anal sex, [4] smoking, and many sexual partners. [1]
A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed. [4] [5] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.
A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963. [167] It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue. [168] It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers. [169]
Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). [1] They may be flat or project out from the surface of the skin, and their color may vary; brownish, white, pale yellow, pinkish-red, or gray.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and Cervarix) decrease the risk of developing cervical cancer. [161] The hepatitis B vaccine prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver cancer. [161] The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended where resources allow. [162]