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Additionally, long-acting medications for ADHD, in comparison to short-acting varieties, generally seem to be cost-effective. [229] Comorbid (relating to two diseases that occur together, e.g. depression and ADHD) disorders makes finding the right treatment and diagnosis much more costly than when comorbid disorders are absent. [citation needed]
Hyperactivity was a stronger discriminator of ADHD in children, while inattentiveness was a stronger discriminator in adolescents. [41] Issues with comorbidity are another possible explanation in favor of the argument of overdiagnosis. As many as 75% of diagnosed children with ADHD meet criteria for some other psychiatric diagnosis. [39]
They do not have the same risks for oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, or social aggression and thus may have different life course outcomes compared to children with ADHD-HI and Combined subtypes who have far higher risks for these other "externalizing" disorders. [18] However, unlike ADHD, there are no longitudinal studies of ...
However, in rare cases, ADHD can be caused by a single event including traumatic brain injury, [40] [45] [46] [47] exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, [8] or a major genetic mutation. [48] As it is a neurodevelopmental disorder, there is no biologically distinct adult-onset ADHD except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury. [8 ...
It is difficult to say exactly how many children or adults worldwide have ADHD because different countries have used different ways of diagnosing it, while some do not diagnose it at all. In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems.
Inattention is a more common presentation in adult ADHD, manifesting as difficulty starting and completing tasks, forgetfulness, difficulty focusing, disorganization, and persistent tardiness. [7] [10] A combined presentation is a combination of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. [11] ADHD can only be diagnosed by a licensed ...
Evidence of efficacy in adults is limited, but one study found positive results in children with comorbid ADHD. [64] It may be also useful in adult PTSD patients who do not respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). [65] Results of studies using guanfacine to treat Tourette's syndrome have been mixed. [66]
Atomoxetine is sometimes used in the treatment of cognitive impairment and frontal lobe symptoms due to conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI). [44] [45] It is used to treat ADHD-like symptoms such as sustained attentional problems, disinhibition, [46] lack of arousal, fatigue, and depression, including symptoms from cognitive disengagement syndrome. [44]