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  2. Raoult's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_law

    Raoult's law (/ ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [1] [2] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture.

  3. Margules activity model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margules_activity_model

    The Margules activity model is a simple thermodynamic model for the excess Gibbs free energy of a liquid mixture introduced in 1895 by Max Margules. [1] [2] After Lewis had introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients of a compound i in a liquid, a measure for the deviation from ideal solubility, also known as ...

  4. Hansen solubility parameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_solubility_parameter

    In particular, all solubility parameter-based theories have a fundamental limitation that they apply only to associated solutions (i.e., they can only predict positive deviations from Raoult's law): they cannot account for negative deviations from Raoult's law that result from effects such as solvation (often important in water-soluble polymers ...

  5. Hildebrand solubility parameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand_solubility...

    The principal limitation of the solubility parameter approach is that it applies only to associated solutions ("like dissolves like" or, technically speaking, positive deviations from Raoult's law); it cannot account for negative deviations from Raoult's law that result from effects such as solvation or the formation of electron donor ...

  6. Activity coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_coefficient

    In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...

  7. Explainer-How Trump could bypass the Senate to install his ...

    www.aol.com/news/explainer-trump-could-bypass...

    President-elect Donald Trump has said he might install his picks for top administration posts without first winning approval in the U.S. Senate. This would erode the power of Congress and remove a ...

  8. Police illegally sell restricted weapons, supplying crime

    www.aol.com/police-illegally-sell-restricted...

    A CBS News investigation found dozens of law enforcement leaders — sheriffs, captains, lieutenants, chiefs of police — buying and illegally selling firearms, even weapons of war, across 23 U.S ...

  9. Osmotic coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_coefficient

    This means that, at least at low concentrations, the vapor pressure of the solvent will be greater than that predicted by Raoult's law. For instance, for solutions of magnesium chloride , the vapor pressure is slightly greater than that predicted by Raoult's law up to a concentration of 0.7 mol/kg, after which the vapor pressure is lower than ...