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  2. Four Noble Truths - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths

    [web 20] [note 17] Melvin E. Spiro further explains that "desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth." [85] When desire ceases, rebirth and its accompanying suffering ceases. [85] [note 18] Peter Harvey explains: Once birth has arisen, "ageing and death", and various other dukkha states follow.

  3. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    Melancholy by Domenico Fetti (1612). Death, suffering and meaninglessness are the main themes of philosophical pessimism. Philosophical pessimism is a philosophical tradition which argues that life is not worth living and that non-existence is preferable to existence.

  4. History of philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophical...

    Now this, bhikkhus, is the noble truth of suffering: birth is suffering, aging is suffering, illness is suffering, death is suffering; union with what is displeasing is suffering; separation from what is pleasing is suffering; not to get what one wants is suffering; in brief, the five aggregates subject to clinging are suffering.

  5. Three teachings - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings

    Buddhists believe that life is full of suffering, but that suffering can be overcome by attaining enlightenment. Nirvana (a state of perfect happiness) can be obtained by breaking away from (material) attachments and purifying the mind. However, different doctrines vary on the practices and paths followed in order to do so. [6]

  6. Positive psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology

    Pleasant life: research into the pleasant life, or the "life of enjoyment", examines how people optimally experience, forecast, and savor the positive feelings and emotions that are part of normal and healthy living (e.g., relationships, hobbies, interests, entertainment, etc.). Seligman says this most transient element of happiness may be the ...

  7. Problem of evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil

    The problem of evil has been extended to non-human life forms, to include suffering of non-human animal species from natural evils and human cruelty against them. [11] According to scholars [a], most philosophers see the logical problem of evil as having been fully rebutted by various defenses. [clarification needed] [15] [16] [17]

  8. Saṃsāra (Jainism) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saṃsāra_(Jainism)

    Saṃsāra (transmigration)(Sanskrit: संसार, IAST: saṃsāra) in Jain philosophy, refers to the worldly life characterized by continuous rebirths and reincarnations in various realms of existence. Saṃsāra is described as mundane existence, a life full of suffering and misery, and hence it is considered undesirable and worth ...

  9. Meaning of life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life

    The first English use of the expression "meaning of life" appears in Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (1833–1834), book II chapter IX, "The Everlasting Yea". [1]Our Life is compassed round with Necessity; yet is the meaning of Life itself no other than Freedom, than Voluntary Force: thus have we a warfare; in the beginning, especially, a hard-fought battle.