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Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters— is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a ...
Naïve realism argues we perceive the world directly. In philosophy of perception and epistemology, naïve realism (also known as direct realism or perceptual realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are. [1] When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with ...
Scientific realism is the view that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted. A believer of scientific realism takes the universe as described by science to be true (or approximately true), because of their assertion that science can be used to find the truth (or approximate truth) about both the physical and metaphysical in the Universe.
The terms "Platonism" and "nominalism" also have established senses in the history of philosophy. They denote positions that have little to do with the modern notion of an abstract object. [2] In a narrower sense, the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism, a form of mysticism.
The history of philosophy is the field of inquiry that studies the historical development of philosophical thought. It aims to provide a systematic and chronological exposition of philosophical concepts and doctrines, as well as the philosophers who conceived them and the schools of thought to which they belong.
Laurens Lynn "Larry" Laudan (/ ˈ l aʊ d ən /; [5] October 16, 1941 – August 23, 2022) [6] was an American philosopher of science and epistemologist.He strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges.
Direct realism, also known as naïve realism, argues we perceive the world directly. In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, are differing models that describe the nature of conscious experiences; [1] [2] out of the metaphysical question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself ...
A systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, [142] [143] with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes [144] [145] (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the ...