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It has a highly variable genetic diversity therefore it is the genetic source for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, many disease resistance and unique fruit traits. [14] Planting cultivated apple varieties close to wild groves causes crossbreeding. [15]
Fruit type has been considered to be a useful character in classification and in understanding the phylogeny of plants. [32] The evolution of fruits with a berry-like pericarp has been studied in a wide range of flowering plant families. Repeated transitions between fleshy and dry pericarps have been demonstrated regularly.
Fruit anatomy is the plant anatomy of the internal structure of fruit. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In berries and drupes , the pericarp forms the edible tissue around the seeds. In other fruits such as citrus and stone fruits ( Prunus ) only some layers of the pericarp are eaten.
Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest. [108] Herbivores eat plants, but plants can defend themselves and some species are parasitic or even carnivorous.
Consistent with the three modes of fruit development, plant scientists have classified fruits into three main groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple (or composite) fruits. [14] The groupings reflect how the ovary and other flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop, but they are not evolutionarily relevant as diverse ...
Factors of the physical or abiotic environment include temperature, water, light, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the soil. [62] Biotic factors that affect plant growth include crowding, grazing, beneficial symbiotic bacteria and fungi, and attacks by insects or plant diseases. [63] Frost and dehydration can damage or kill plants.
A plum tree with developing fruit Mandarin Orange tree with fruit An almond tree in bloom. A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by animals and humans — all trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds.
Photosynthesis is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water (green arrow). An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds , which can be used by other organisms .