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A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. [2] After invading a host cell's cytoplasm , the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backward).
An endogenous retrovirus is a retrovirus without virus pathogenic effects that has been integrated into the host genome by inserting their inheritable genetic information into cells that can be passed onto the next generation like a retrotransposon. [8] Because of this, they share features with retroviruses and retrotransposons.
The replication cycle of a retrovirus entails the insertion ("integration") of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the nuclear genome of the host cell. Most retroviruses infect somatic cells, but occasional infection of germline cells (cells that produce eggs and sperm) can also occur. Rarely, retroviral integration may occur in a germline cell ...
These elements are dubbed retroviroids as the homologous DNA is generated by reverse transcriptase that is encoded by retroviruses. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] They are neither true viroids nor viroid-like satellite RNAs : there is no extracellular form of these elements; instead, they are spread only through pollen or egg-cells. [ 70 ]
Identical LTR sequences at either end of a retrotransposon. A long terminal repeat (LTR) is a pair of identical sequences of DNA, several hundred base pairs long, which occur in eukaryotic genomes on either end of a series of genes or pseudogenes that form a retrotransposon or an endogenous retrovirus or a retroviral provirus.
n/a Ensembl ENSG00000242950 n/a UniProt Q9UQF0 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_014590 NM_001130925 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_001124397 NP_055405 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 92.47 – 92.48 Mb n/a PubMed search n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Syncytin-1 also known as enverin is a protein found in humans and other primates that is encoded by the ERVW-1 gene (endogenous retrovirus group W envelope member 1 ...
Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family.It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in several groups of mammals.As of 2023, ICTV lists under this genus the Bovine leukemia virus and three species of primate T-lymphotropic virus.
Human betaretrovirus (HBRV), also known as Human mammary tumor virus, or Mouse mammary tumor-like virus is the human homologue of the Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). The nomenclature for Human betaretrovirus was introduced following characterization of infection in patient with autoimmune liver disease suggesting the virus is not solely found in mice nor exclusively implicated in the ...