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Cytokinesis illustration Ciliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible. Cytokinesis (/ ˌ s aɪ t oʊ k ɪ ˈ n iː s ɪ s /) is the part of the cell division process and part of mitosis during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases .
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2 (Dock2) is a protein encoded in the human by the DOCK2 gene. Dock2 is a large (~180 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. [5] It is a member of the DOCK-A subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins.
[4] [2] Additionally, there is a helix known as the C-helix. This helix contains the PSTAIRE sequence in CDK1. This helix contains the PSTAIRE sequence in CDK1. This region plays a crucial role in regulating the binding between cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
Telophase accounts for approximately 2% of the cell cycle's duration. Cytokinesis typically begins before late telophase [1] and, when complete, segregates the two daughter nuclei between a pair of separate daughter cells. Telophase is primarily driven by the dephosphorylation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates. [2]
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are regulatory serine/threonine kinases of the cell cycle involved in mitotic entry, mitotic exit, spindle formation, cytokinesis, and meiosis. [1] Only one Plk is found in the genomes of the fly Drosophila melanogaster (Polo), budding yeast (Cdc5) and fission yeast (Plo1). [ 1 ]
The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis . It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.