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  2. Napoleon and the Catholic Church - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic...

    Napoleon placed the crown on his head himself, spurning the pope's intent to do so. The painting by Jacques-Louise David titled The Coronation of Napoleon depicts the seated pope at the ceremony as Napoleon crowns his wife. Although the pope and the papacy were promised rich gifts and donations, Pius initially refused most of these offers.

  3. Coronation of Napoleon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon

    The pope entered Notre Dame first, to the anthem Tu es Petrus, and took his seat on a throne near the high altar. [7] Napoleon and Josephine’s carriage was drawn by eight bay horses and escorted by Mounted Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard and Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard . [ 10 ] (

  4. Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Carlos_María...

    In 1808, Napoleon captured Madrid in the Battle of Somosierra and he induced Carlos's father, Charles IV, and Carlos's older brother, Ferdinand VII, to renounce their rights to the throne of Spain. But Carlos, who was heir presumptive to his brother, refused to renounce his rights to the throne, which he considered to have been given to him by God.

  5. List of popes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes

    Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial). This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.

  6. Napoleon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon

    Napoleon Bonaparte [b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; [1] [c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

  7. Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain

    Charles III ascended the throne of Spain with considerable experience in governance, and enacted significant reforms to revivify Spain's economy and strengthen its empire. Although there were European conflicts to contend with, he died in 1788, months before the eruption of the French Revolution in July 1789.

  8. Ferdinand VII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII

    Born in Madrid at El Escorial, Ferdinand was heir apparent to the Spanish throne in his youth. Following the 1808 Tumult of Aranjuez, he ascended the throne. That year Napoleon overthrew him; he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on ...

  9. Charles IV of Spain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain

    Ferdinand took the throne as Ferdinand VII, but was mistrusted by Napoleon, who had 100,000 soldiers stationed in Spain by that time due to the ongoing War of the Third Coalition. The ousted King, having appealed to Napoleon for help in regaining his throne, was summoned before Napoleon in Bayonne , along with his son, in April 1808.