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If the substituents are numbered from 1 (highest priority) to 4 (lowest priority), then the sense of rotation of a curve passing through 1, 2 and 3 distinguishes the stereoisomers. In a configurational isomer, the lowest priority group (most times hydrogen) is positioned behind the plane or the hatched bond going away from the reader. The ...
The survival ratio is commonly expressed as an inactivation ratio (in %) or as the number of reductions in the order of magnitude of the microorganism concentration. For example, a situation where N 0 =10 7 CFU /L and N=10 4 CFU/L would be reported as a 99.9% inactivation or "3-log 10 " removal.
Log reduction is a measure of how thoroughly a decontamination process reduces the concentration of a contaminant.It is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of the levels of contamination before and after the process, so an increment of 1 corresponds to a reduction in concentration by a factor of 10.
The odor detection threshold is the lowest concentration of a certain odor compound that is perceivable by the human sense of smell. The threshold of a chemical compound is determined in part by its shape, polarity, partial charges, and molecular mass. The olfactory mechanisms responsible for a compound's different detection threshold is not ...
Has the lowest-numbered locants for the suffix functional group. Has the lowest-numbered locants for multiple bonds ('ene', 'yne'), and hydro prefixes. (The locant of a multiple bond is the number of the adjacent carbon with a lower number). Has the lowest-numbered locants for all substituents cited by prefixes.
[1]: 410–417 The total number of X and E is known as the steric number. For example in a molecule AX 3 E 2 , the atom A has a steric number of 5. When the substituent (X) atoms are not all the same, the geometry is still approximately valid, but the bond angles may be slightly different from the ones where all the outside atoms are the same.
For the periodic method, scientists alternated submerging the eggs for two minutes in boiling water at 100 C (212 F) and lukewarm water at 30 C (86 F). This cycle was repeated eight times for 32 ...
Based on this trend, Zaytsev proposed that the alkene formed in greatest amount is that which corresponded to removal of the hydrogen from the alpha-carbon having the fewest hydrogen substituents. For example, when 2-iodobutane is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), but-2-ene is the major product and but-1-ene is the minor product ...
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