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Allosteric regulation of an enzyme. In the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology an allosteric regulator (or allosteric modulator) is a substance that binds to a site on an enzyme or receptor distinct from the active site, resulting in a conformational change that alters the protein's activity, either enhancing or inhibiting its function.
Allosteric enzymes need not be oligomers as previously thought, [1] and in fact many systems have demonstrated allostery within single enzymes. [2] In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
The site that an allosteric modulator binds to (i.e., an allosteric site) is not the same one to which an endogenous agonist of the receptor would bind (i.e., an orthosteric site). Modulators and agonists can both be called receptor ligands. [2] Allosteric modulators can be 1 of 3 types either: positive, negative or neutral.
In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells. In the context of biological system regulation, an effector is an element of a regulation loop controlling a regulated quantity.
PFK1 is an allosteric enzyme and has a structure similar to that of hemoglobin in so far as it is a dimer of a dimer. [5] One half of each dimer contains the ATP binding site whereas the other half the substrate (fructose-6-phosphate or (F6P)) binding site as well as a separate allosteric binding site. [6]
In pharmacology, GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulators, also known as GABAkines or GABA A receptor potentiators, [1] are positive allosteric modulator (PAM) molecules that increase the activity of the GABA A receptor protein in the vertebrate central nervous system. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
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If an allosteric protein binds to a target that also has a higher affinity for the R state, then target binding further stabilizes the R state, hence increasing ligand affinity. If, on the other hand, a target preferentially binds to the T state, then target binding will have a negative effect on ligand affinity.