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Mamluk or Mamaluk (/ ˈ m æ m l uː k /; Arabic: مملوك, romanized: mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); [2] translated as "one who is owned", [5] meaning "slave") [7] were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and ...
The Mamluk Army was established in 1250 by the first Mamluk Sultan Aybak of Egypt, but it was reformed in 1260 by Sultan Baybars. [4] [2] [5] [6] The entire army did not have an official census, but as a percentage and proportion, the Egyptians were the vast majority of the army, and this is clear from the division of the army.
The traditional mamluk army, however, regarded firearms with contempt and vigorously resisted their incorporation into Mamluk warfare, which prevented al-Ghuri from making effective use of them until the end of his reign. [159] [161] Anonymous 1511 painting depicting a reception of Venetian ambassadors in Damascus during the time of al-Ghuri [162]
He later fought an army led by the Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj which was defeated outside Damascus leaving the city at the mercy of the Mongol besiegers. [11] With his army defeated by January 1401, the Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including Ibn Khaldun , who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal he put the ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 2 March 2025. 1260 battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire Battle of Ain Jalut Part of the Mongol invasions of the Levant Map showing movements of both forces, meeting eventually at Ain Jalut Date 3 September 1260 (26 Ramadan 658 H) Location Near Ma'ayan Harod (Hebrew) or Ayn Jalut ...
Dai Viet-Mongol War: Yuan dynasty: Tran dynasty: Defeat 1285–1286 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary: Golden Horde: Kingdom of Hungary: Defeat 1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Golden Horde Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia: Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary: Defeat 1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Vietnam: Yuan dynasty: Tran ...
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The surviving Mamluk forces returned to Aleppo but were denied entry to the city and marched back to Egypt, harassed along the way. [192] Syria passed into Ottoman possession, [193] and the Ottomans were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamluks. [194] [195] [196] The Mamluk Sultanate survived a little longer until 1517.