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General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2] Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination. [1]
The plants which exhibit them take up dissolved silica from the groundwater, whereupon it is deposited within different intracellular and extracellular structures of the plant. [ 2 ] The silica is absorbed in the form of monosilicic acid (Si(OH) 4 ), and is carried by the plant's vascular system to the cell walls , cell lumen, and intercellular ...
Stems thicken, the plant becomes more tolerant to drought and resists wilting, and the plant gets larger leaves and fruit (because the stem can support more weight). [3] The thicker cell walls of the plant also provides an added mechanical resistance to sap-sucking insects (e.g. spider mite ) and various pathogenic fungi (e.g. powdery mildew ).
Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants. Silica is an amorphous metalloid oxide formed by complex inorganic polymerization processes.
The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, and symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about six hours following ingestion. Poisoning produces anorexia , repeated swallowing, profuse salivation , depression, uncoordination, vomiting, frequent defecation , watering of the eyes , irregular or difficult breathing ...
These have been mandated by legislation, such as The Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 1950. [29] [30] The Health and Safety Executive in the UK has produced guidelines on controlling exposure to respirable crystalline silica in potteries, and the British Ceramics Federation provide, as a free download, a guidance booklet.
The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Lithological silica are brought to surface through volcanic events whereas weathering of pre-existing rocks releases silica into the waters. The sources of silica can be divided into two categories: silica in organic and inorganic materials. The former category is also known as biogenic silica, which is a ubiquitous material in animals and plants.