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The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.
A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. [4] Failure to compensate for multiple comparisons can have important real-world consequences, as illustrated by the following examples:
Quantifier elimination is a concept of simplification used in mathematical logic, model theory, and theoretical computer science.Informally, a quantified statement "such that …" can be viewed as a question "When is there an such that …?", and the statement without quantifiers can be viewed as the answer to that question.
Monty Hall problem, also known as the Monty Hall paradox: [2] An unintuitive consequence of conditional probability. Necktie paradox: A wager between two people seems to favour them both. Very similar in essence to the Two-envelope paradox. Proebsting's paradox: The Kelly criterion is an often optimal strategy for maximizing profit in the long ...
The rational consequence relation is non-monotonic, and the relation is intended to carry the meaning theta usually implies phi or phi usually follows from theta.In this sense it is more useful for modeling some everyday situations than a monotone consequence relation because the latter relation models facts in a more strict boolean fashion—something either follows under all circumstances or ...
The best-known example of a 2-player anti-coordination game is the game of Chicken (also known as Hawk-Dove game). Using the payoff matrix in Figure 1, a game is an anti-coordination game if B > A and C > D for row-player 1 (with lowercase analogues b > d and c > a for column-player 2).
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4]
In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...