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Selfishness is being concerned excessively or exclusively for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others. [1] [2] Selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness, and has also been contrasted (as by C. S. Lewis) with self-centeredness. [3]
Egocentrism refers to difficulty differentiating between self and other. More specifically, it is difficulty in accurately perceiving and understanding perspectives other than one's own. [ 1 ] Egocentrism is found across the life span: in infancy , [ 2 ] early childhood , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] adolescence , [ 5 ] and adulthood .
Rational egoism (also called rational selfishness) is the principle that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one's self-interest. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As such, it is considered a normative form of egoism , [ 3 ] though historically has been associated with both positive and normative forms. [ 4 ]
In contrast to this and philosophical egoism, biological egoism (also called evolutionary egoism) describes motivations rooted solely in reproductive self-interest (i.e. reproductive fitness). [7] [8] Furthermore, selfish gene theory holds that it is the self-interest of genetic information that conditions human behaviour. [9]
Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism.It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so.
In contrast to enlightened self-interest is simple greed, or the concept of "unenlightened self-interest", in which it is argued that when most or all persons act according to their own myopic selfishness, the group suffers loss as a result of conflict, decreased efficiency and productivity because of lack of cooperation, and the increased expense each individual pays for the protection of ...
Egocentric predicament, a term coined by Ralph Barton Perry in an article (Journal of Philosophy 1910), is the problem of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions.
The book asserts that "In a society in which the narrow pursuit of material self-interest is the norm, the shift to an ethical stance is more radical than many people realize." [ 4 ] Singer attempts to show how the key for a satisfactory life resides on its purpose and how crucial for that purpose a commitment to an ethical life is.