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In general, a pig scalder looks like a very large pot or tub. It would be made of wood or metal, though a metal scalder allowed users to build a fire underneath in order to heat the water inside. In New Zealand , many farmers use their old cast iron bathtubs for this job, but the tubs are becoming harder to acquire.
Methods include immersion in tanks of hot water or spraying with steam. The scalding may be hard or soft, in which the temperature or duration is varied. A hard scald of 58 °C (136.4 °F) for 2.5 minutes will remove the epidermis of poultry; this is commonly used for carcasses that will be frozen, so that their appearance is white and attractive.
At this temperature, bacteria are killed, enzymes in the milk are destroyed, and many of the proteins are denatured. [2] Since most milk sold today is pasteurized , which accomplishes the first two goals, milk is typically scalded to increase its temperature, or to change the consistency or other cooking interactions by the denaturing of proteins.
Indoor piggeries have allowed pig farming to be undertaken in countries or areas with unsuitable climate or soil for outdoor pig raising. [8] In an intensive operation, pigs no longer need access to a wallow (mud), which is their natural cooling mechanism. Intensive piggeries control temperature through ventilation or drip water systems.
Because of their relative lack of sweat glands, pigs often control their body temperature using behavioural thermoregulation. Wallowing, coating the body with mud, is a common behaviour. [9] They do not submerge completely under the mud, but vary the depth and duration of wallowing depending on environmental conditions. [9]
The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground for Legionella; the use of a thermostat, rather than a static mixing valve, provides increased safety against scalding, and increased user comfort, because the hot-water temperature remains constant. [1] Many TMVs use a wax thermostat for regulation. They also shut ...
Warm-blooded is a term referring to animal species whose bodies maintain a temperature higher than that of their environment. In particular, homeothermic species (including birds and mammals) maintain a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes. Other species have various degrees of thermoregulation.
Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, usable materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal products into more useful materials, or, more narrowly, to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow.