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To assess cardiac structure and function, echocardiography is the most commonly available and utilized modality. In addition to decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, studies indicate that patients with TIC may have a smaller left ventricular end-diastolic dimension compared to patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] It is typically brief and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture. [ 4 ] Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching.
Tourette syndrome (abbreviated as Tourette's or TS) is an inherited neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence, characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics and at least one phonic tic, which characteristically wax and wane. Tourette's syndrome occurs along a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes transient ...
The left and right eye see different, seemingly random, dot patterns; a person viewing through both eyes sees a combination of both left and right visual field disturbances. While seeing the phenomenon, lightly pressing inward on the sides of the eyeballs at the lateral canthus causes the movement to stop being fluid and the dots to move only ...
Palilalia (from the Greek πάλιν (pálin) meaning "again" and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "to talk"), [ 1 ] a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolalia, but, unlike other aphasias ...
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle contractions on one side (hemi-) of the face (-facial). [1] The facial muscles are controlled by the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve), which originates at the brainstem and exits the skull below the ear where it separates into five main branches.
Coprolalia is an occasional characteristic of tic disorders, in particular Tourette syndrome, although it is not required for a diagnosis of Tourette's and only about 10% of Tourette's patients exhibit coprolalia. [2] It is not unique to tic disorders; it may also presents itself as a neurological disorder. [3] [4]
Myoclonus. Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary, irregular (lacking rhythm) twitching of a muscle, a joint, or a group of muscles, different from clonus, which is rhythmic or regular. Myoclonus (myo- "muscle", clonus "spasm") describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease. It belongs to the hyperkinetic movement disorders ...