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  2. Human skin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin

    The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue guarding muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals ' skin, and it is very similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered ...

  3. Cell (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. Every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane; many cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. The term comes from the Latin word cellula meaning 'small room'. Most cells are only visible under a microscope.

  4. Integumentary system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system

    Mainly it is the body's outer skin. The integumentary system includes skin, hair, scales, feathers, hooves, claws, and nails. It has a variety of additional functions: it may serve to maintain water balance, protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors which detect ...

  5. Alternatives to animal testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing

    Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. EpiDerm from Mattek [10] and EpiSkin [11] and SkinEthic RHE model [12] are derived from human skin cells which have been cultured to produce a model of human skin.

  6. Epidermis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis

    The epidermis is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells [4] that overlie a base layer (stratum basale) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly. The layers of cells develop from stem cells in the basal layer. The thickness of the epidermis varies from 31.2μm for the penis to 596.6μm for the sole of the foot with most being ...

  7. Skin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin

    The word skin originally only referred to dressed and tanned animal hide and the usual word for human skin was hide. Skin is a borrowing from Old Norse skinn "animal hide, fur", ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-, meaning "to cut" (probably a reference to the fact that in those times animal hide was commonly cut off to be used as garment).

  8. Keratin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin

    Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin among vertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents.

  9. Ectoderm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm

    69070. Anatomical terminology. [edit on Wikidata] The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development. It is the outermost layer, and is superficial to the mesoderm (the middle layer) and endoderm (the innermost layer). [1] It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells.

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