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Lexicalization may be simple, for example borrowing a word from another language, or more involved, as in calque or loan translation, wherein a foreign phrase is translated literally, as in marché aux puces, or in English, flea market. Other mechanisms include compounding, abbreviation, and blending. [2]
But not all of the coinages caught on and became permanent additions to the lexicon; for example, любомудрие (ljubomudrie) was promoted by 19th-century Russian intellectuals as a calque of "philosophy", but the word eventually fell out of fashion, and modern Russian instead uses the loanword философия (filosofija).
Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that analyzes the lexicon of a specific language.A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language that can stand on its own, and is made up of small components called morphemes and even smaller elements known as phonemes, or distinguishing sounds.
A well-known example of grammaticalization is that of the process in which the lexical cluster let us, for example in "let us eat", is reduced to let's as in "let's you and me fight". Here, the phrase has lost its lexical meaning of "allow us" and has become an auxiliary introducing a suggestion, the pronoun 'us' reduced first to a suffix and ...
For example, NPST non-past is not listed, as it is composable from N-non-+ PST past. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules. [2] Some authors use a lower-case n, for example n H for 'non-human'. [16] Some sources are moving from classical lative (LAT, -L) terminology to 'directional' (DIR), with concommitant changes in the ...
Baltimore was held up as an example of progress. The authors cited a study showing that the publicly funded Baltimore Buprenorphine Initiative, aimed at increasing access to medical treatments, helped spur a roughly 50 percent reduction in the city’s overdose deaths between 1995 and 2009.
Since lexicalization [3] may modify lexemes phonologically and morphologically, it is possible that a single etymological source may be inserted into a single lexicon in two or more forms. These pairs, called a doublet, are often close semantically. Two examples are aptitude versus attitude and employ versus imply. [4]
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