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Greater than or equal Dependents >= 2 <= Less than or equal Rate <= 0. 05 [NOT] BETWEEN [SYMMETRIC] Between an inclusive range. SYMMETRIC inverts the range bounds if the first is higher than the second. Cost BETWEEN 100. 00 AND 500. 00 [NOT] LIKE [ESCAPE] Begins with a character pattern Full_Name LIKE 'Will%' Contains a character pattern Full ...
In addition to basic equality and inequality conditions, SQL allows for more complex conditional logic through constructs such as CASE, COALESCE, and NULLIF. The CASE expression, for example, enables SQL to perform conditional branching within queries, providing a mechanism to return different values based on evaluated conditions.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard. Aside from a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward-compatible with SQL-92. The standard specification itself grew about five times compared to SQL-89.
Reserved words in SQL and related products In SQL:2023 [3] In IBM Db2 13 [4] In Mimer SQL 11.0 [5] In MySQL 8.0 [6] In Oracle Database 23c [7] In PostgreSQL 16 [1] In Microsoft SQL Server 2022 [2]
If it does, then only one of the join rows will be used to update the target row, but which one will be used is not readily predictable. [2] Because of this indeterminacy, referencing other tables only within sub-selects is safer, though often harder to read and slower than using a join. MySQL does not conform to ANSI standard. [3]
two objects being equal but distinct, e.g., two $10 banknotes; two objects being equal but having different representation, e.g., a $1 bill and a $1 coin; two different references to the same object, e.g., two nicknames for the same person; In many modern programming languages, objects and data structures are accessed through references. In ...
In very early versions of the SQL standard the return code was called SQLCODE and used a different coding schema. The following table lists the standard-conforming values - based on SQL:2011 . [ 1 ] The table's last column shows the part of the standard that defines the row.