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The shrink–swell capacity of soils refers to the extent certain clay minerals will expand when wet and retract when dry. Soil with a high shrink–swell capacity is problematic and is known as shrink–swell soil, or expansive soil . [ 1 ]
Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) is pipe made from a blend of clay and shale that has been subjected to high temperature to achieve vitrification, which results in a hard, inert ceramic. VCP is commonly used in gravity sewer collection mains because of its long life and resistance to almost all domestic and industrial sewage , particularly the ...
Subaqueous shrinkage cracks can develop on and through a surface that has been continuously covered in water. Syneresis cracks in some shales and lime mudstones may initially be preserved as small cavities, which then usually fill with silt and sand from either the overlying or underlying beds and laminae . [ 6 ]
Southern California Clay Products (California Clay Products after 1923) Vernon: 1917–1923: Chemical stoneware [2] Southern California Coal and Clay Company (Pacific Sewer Pipe Company after 1910) Lake Elsinore: 1886–1910: Sewer pipe [37] Starnes (Walter Starnes) Los Angeles: 1952–1954: Tableware [14] Stewart B. McCulloch: unknown: 1940s ...
To make puddle, clay or heavy loam is chopped with a spade and mixed into a plastic state with water and sometimes coarse sand or grit to discourage excavation by moles or water voles. The puddle is laid about 10 inches (25 cm) thick at the sides and nearly 3 ft (0.91 m) thick at the bottom of a canal, built up in layers.
In the dry season, evaporation moves water from the deep horizon toward the soil surface through capillary action. The water removal results in shrinkage of clay, and the soil becomes dry and hard. In the wet season, high precipitation leads to a swell of clay to absorb water. The high moisture content results in wet and sticky clay texture.
Grog, temper for clay. Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a raw material usually made from crushed and ground potsherds, reintroduced into crude clay to temper it before making ceramic ware. It has a high percentage of silica and alumina. It is normally available as a powder or chippings, and is an important ingredient in Coade stone.
More recent trade began when a clay was needed to make tobacco pipes in the 16th and 17th century. [8] In 1771 Josiah Wedgwood signed a contract for 1,400 tons a year of ball clay with Thomas Hyde of Purbeck , enabling the production of thinner-walled ceramics.