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Red pencil urchin – Papahānaumokuākea. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) (roughly / p ɑː p ɑː ˈ h ɑː n aʊ m oʊ k u ˌ ɑː k eɪ. ə / [2]) is a World Heritage listed U.S. National Monument encompassing 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km 2) of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
In the 20th century the French Frigate Shoals are also called Lalo as part of the marine nature reserve, and along with other islands are visited periodically for research. The highest point in the shoals is on La Perouse Pinnacle which is a volcanic rock that rises 122 ft (37 m) above the surrounding lagoon.
The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument was proclaimed a national monument on January 6, 2009, by U.S. President George W. Bush [2] [3] and follows his June 6, 2006, creation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The original area was about 83,000 square miles (210,000 km 2).
Gaffney said the sanctuaries are critical, citing the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument northwest of Hawaii. A 2022 study led by two University of Hawaii at Manoa researchers and ...
In the 21st century it is part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument wildlife refuge. [ 2 ] [ a ] The Gardner Pinnacles were used as an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine the locations of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes. [ 9 ]
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The atoll has historically been included with the rest of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in conservation efforts. It is included in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, created in 2006. Ghost nets and other fishing debris, rising sea levels, and the invasive algae Chondria tumulosa pose a significant risk to the atoll and its ...
It contains important prehistoric archaeological sites of the Hawaiian culture and is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The United States Census Bureau reports Necker Island's land area as 45.193 acres (18.289 ha). [4]