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  2. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    A meta-analysis of 21 studies found that the F&P Text Level Gradient system did not lead to effective reading fluency interventions. [ 8 ] Matthew Burns, a reading researcher at the University of Florida, has studied assessments within the F&P Text Level Gradient system and found that they result in 54% total accuracy and correctly identify low ...

  3. Academic grading in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the...

    The overall grade for the class is then typically weighted so that the final grade represents a stated proportion of different types of work. For example, daily homework may be counted as 50% of the final grade, chapter quizzes may count for 20%, the comprehensive final exam may count for 20%, [1] and a major project may count for the remaining ...

  4. Gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient

    The gradient of F is then normal to the hypersurface. Similarly, an affine algebraic hypersurface may be defined by an equation F(x 1, ..., x n) = 0, where F is a polynomial. The gradient of F is zero at a singular point of the hypersurface (this is the definition of a singular point). At a non-singular point, it is a nonzero normal vector.

  5. Grading in education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education

    Grading in education is the application of standardized measurements to evaluate different levels of student achievement in a course. Grades can be expressed as letters (usually A to F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), percentages, or as numbers out of a possible total (often out of 100).

  6. Signed distance function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_distance_function

    The graph (bottom, in red) of the signed distance between the points on the xy plane (in blue) and a fixed disk (also represented on top, in gray) A more complicated set (top) and the graph of its signed distance function (bottom, in red).

  7. Balanced flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_flow

    In the figure this is simplistically shown by equally spaced straight lines. The pressure force acting on the parcel is minus the gradient vector of p (in symbols: grad p) – drawn in the figure as a blue arrow. At all points, the pressure gradient points to the direction of maximum increase of p and is always normal to the isobar at that ...

  8. Denver Developmental Screening Tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Developmental...

    Use of the Denver Developmental Screening Test has raised various concerns: the applicability of 1967 norms in the 1990s and onwards, [5] the difficulty of administering and scoring several of the test’s language items, [6] and the limited validity in cultures that differ from the normative sample in Denver (ethnic groups, varying levels of ...

  9. Stein discrepancy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_discrepancy

    A Stein discrepancy is a statistical divergence between two probability measures that is rooted in Stein's method.It was first formulated as a tool to assess the quality of Markov chain Monte Carlo samplers, [1] but has since been used in diverse settings in statistics, machine learning and computer science.