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  2. Coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping

    Tossing a coin. Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that is facing up when the coin ...

  3. Mardi Gras throws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_gras_throws

    The "gaudy plastic jewelry, toys, and other mementos [are] tossed to the crowds from parading floats". The 'throws' consist of necklaces of plastic beads, coins called doubloons, which are stamped with krewes' logos, parade themes and the year, plus an array of plastic cups and toys such as Frisbees, figurines and LED trinkets.

  4. Shell game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_game

    The painting accurately displays a performer doing the cups and balls routine, which has been practiced since Egyptian times. The shell game does have some origins in this old trick. The real trick of this painting is the pickpocket who is working for the conjurer. The pickpocket is robbing the spectator who is bent over.

  5. Fair coin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_coin

    A fair coin, when tossed, should have an equal chance of landing either side up. In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin.

  6. Two-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-up

    The call given by the boxer when all bets are placed and the coins are now ready to be tossed. "Barred" The call when an illegal spin has occurred - the coins have not been thrown higher than the head, or did not rotate in the air. Cockatoo A look-out who warns players of imminent police raids. Dates from the time when playing two-up was illegal.

  7. Spoof (game) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoof_(game)

    After all players have made their calls, they open their fists and display their coins for the group to count the total. It is illegal for a player to open their hand without making a call. The player who has correctly guessed the total number of coins withdraws from the game and the remainder of the group proceeds to the next round.

  8. St. Petersburg paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_paradox

    The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery [1] is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naïve decision criterion that takes only the ...

  9. Wine/water mixing problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine/water_mixing_problem

    In the wine/water mixing problem, one starts with two barrels, one holding wine and the other an equal volume of water. A cup of wine is taken from the wine barrel and added to the water. A cup of the wine/water mixture is then returned to the wine barrel, so that the volumes in the barrels are again equal.