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Ceftriaxone, sold under the brand name Rocephin, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. [4] These include middle ear infections, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and pelvic inflammatory disease. [4]
The incidence of pseudolithiasis in children treated with ceftriaxone is up to 25%, but most patients are asymptomatic. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Risk factors for biliary pseudolithiasis include age greater than 24 months, gram-negative sepsis , high doses of ceftriaxone, hypercalcemia , surgery , and decreased bile flow/increased ceftriaxone excretion in bile.
For gonorrhea typically only one dose is required. [6] In the United States it is a second-line treatment to ceftriaxone for gonorrhea. [5] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. [5] Serious side effects may include allergic reactions and Clostridioides difficile diarrhea. [5]
(Compl. P 126.) Plaintiffs further allege that low-dosing ceftriaxone resulted in injuries and deaths among the control group. (Compl. P 3.) Although Pfizer's protocol called for its team to obtain consent from the parents of the children treated who were too young to sign, few parents could speak or read English. (Compl. P 127.)
The World Health Organization recommends using a two step treatment approach based on the level of pain in children. The first step explains mild pain treatment, while the second step considers moderate to severe pain. Opioids, such as morphine, is an example of a drug of choice for moderate-severe pain in children with medical illnesses. [36]
In children, septic arthritis can have serious consequences if not treated appropriately and timely. Initial treatment typically includes antibiotics such as vancomycin, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime. [2] Surgery in the form of joint drainage is the gold standard management in large joints like the hip and shoulder.
It is important to note that the dosage of antibiotics used in children is typically weight-dependent. Generally, oral or parenteral cephalosporins are recommended as the first-line agent for children older than two months. [45] [46] Second-line therapy should be considered for patients who have poor response to first-line treatment ...
Since August 2012, the third-generation cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, is the only recommended treatment for gonorrhea in the United States (in addition to azithromycin or doxycycline for concurrent Chlamydia treatment). Cefixime is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment due to evidence of decreasing susceptibility. [30] Ceftriaxone ...