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Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. [1] Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent stereocontrol. [2]: 5574 [3]
Proline acts as a structural disruptor in the middle of regular secondary structure elements such as alpha helices and beta sheets; however, proline is commonly found as the first residue of an alpha helix and also in the edge strands of beta sheets. Proline is also commonly found in turns (another kind of secondary structure), and aids in the ...
In this reaction, naturally occurring chiral proline is the chiral catalyst in an aldol reaction. The starting material is an achiral triketone and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% enantiomeric excess. This is the first example of an amino acid-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction. [16] [17]
It acts via selective and potent inhibition of SGLT-2, and its activity is based on each patient's underlying blood sugar control and kidney function. The results are decreased kidney reabsorption of glucose, glucosuria effect increases with higher level of glucose in the blood circulation.
List and Notz also revealed that proline and 5,5-dimethyl thiazolidinium-4-carboxylate appeared to be optimal catalysts within a large group of screened amines. [14] In 2002 the Macmillan group demonstrated a proline-catalyzed aldol reaction between aldehydes. [15] This reaction is unusual because in general aldehydes will self-condense.
Usually, people are recommended to control diet, exercise, and maintain a healthy weight, although some people may need medications to control their blood sugar levels. Other goals of diabetes management are to prevent or treat complications that can result from the disease itself and from its treatment. [3]
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of oxygen into organic substrates through a mechanism that requires alpha-Ketoglutaric acid , Fe 2+ , and ascorbate .
Other names in common use include L-proline dehydrogenase, L-proline oxidase,and L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase. It employs one cofactor , FAD , which requires riboflavin (vitamin B2). Proline dehydrogenase is in humans encoded by PRODH [ 1 ] and PRODH2 [ 2 ] genes, located on the chromosomes 22 and 19, respectively.
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