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Phosphatidic acid synthesis in eukaryotes is different, there are two routes, one to the other toward phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Glycerophospholipids are generally metabolized in several steps with different intermediates.
Glycerophospholipids have three components: fatty acid lipid groups (orange), glycerol backbone (white), and 3-phosphate ester (green) Glycerol 3-phosphate is a starting material for de novo synthesis of glycerolipids.
Glycerol kinase, encoded by the gene GK, is a phosphotransferase enzyme involved in triglycerides and glycerophospholipids synthesis. Glycerol kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to glycerol thus forming glycerol 3-phosphate: ATP + glycerol <=> ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
The first step is the acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate by a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Then acylglycerol-3-phosphate can be once more acylated to form a phosphatidic acid (PA). With the help of the enzyme CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) ( phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase ), PA is converted into cytidinediphosphate -diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG).
Phospholipid synthesis occurs in the cytosolic side of ER membrane [15] that is studded with proteins that act in synthesis (GPAT and LPAAT acyl transferases, phosphatase and choline phosphotransferase) and allocation (flippase and floppase). Eventually a vesicle will bud off from the ER containing phospholipids destined for the cytoplasmic ...
Besides de novo synthesis, PA can be formed in three ways: By phospholipase D (PLD), via the hydrolysis of the P-O bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce PA and choline. [4] By the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DAGK). By the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase (LPAAT); this is the most ...
There are two major classes of membrane lipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Although many different membrane lipids are synthesized in our body, pathways share the same pattern. The first step is synthesizing the backbone (sphingosine or glycerol), the second step is the addition of fatty acids to the backbone to make phosphatidic acid.
In a process that mirrors phosphatidylcholine synthesis, phosphatidylethanolamine is also made via the cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine pathway, using ethanolamine as the substrate. Through several steps taking place in both the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, the synthesis pathway yields the end product of phosphatidylethanolamine. [11]