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[9] [131] Peak plasma concentrations (C max) are reached within 1–3 hours of taking immediate-release metformin and 4–8 hours with extended-release formulations. [ 9 ] [ 131 ] The plasma protein binding of metformin is negligible, as reflected by its very high apparent volume of distribution (300–1000 L after a single dose).
Further, metformin comes in the form of immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and as a liquid. Each type of metformin has different requirements in terms of when and how to take it:
Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage). [1]
A capsule is a gelatinous envelope enclosing the active substance. Capsules can be designed to remain intact for some hours after ingestion in order to delay absorption. They may also contain a mixture of slow and fast release particles to produce rapid and sustained absorption in the same dose.
[2] [3] This can result in length of activity of 2–4 weeks or more. [2] [3] The alteration of the pharmacokinetics of the drug (the absorption and activation) does not change the side effect profile of the medication; thus, atypical antipsychotics are still preferred over typical antipsychotics. [3]
This allows for much more precise drug delivery over an extended period of time, which results in much more predictable pharmacokinetics. However, osmotic release systems are relatively complicated, somewhat difficult to manufacture, and may cause irritation or even blockage of the GI tract due to prolonged release of irritating drugs from the ...