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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
These effects come from either hypoxia induced by the cigarette smoke, or the chemical consequences of nicotine. Inhaling cigarette smoke increases blood levels of carbon monoxide which negatively affects oxygenation throughout the body leading to hypoxia. [1]
In animal studies that resulted in birth defects, researchers found that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes; [43] [41] the negative effects on early brain development are associated with abnormalities in brain metabolism and neurotransmitter system function. [122]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 January 2025. Circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health "Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see Effects of cannabis. For smoking crack cocaine, see Crack cocaine § Health issues. "Smoking and health" redirects here. For ...
Nicotine gum is designated pregnancy risk category C by the US Food and Drug administration, indicating that while animal studies have demonstrated an adverse effect on the fetus, there is an absence of adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus. [61] Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss. [62] The effects of smoking on periodontal tissues depend on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of the habit.
Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus.This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications.
For many women the effects of smoking on the heart's health become obvious later on in life. Among current female smokers, "the chance of dying from heart disease or lung cancer exceeds the chance of dying from breast cancer from 40 on (and does so by at least a factor of 5 after age 55)."