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The cephalopods were once thought to have evolved from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor [8] with a curved, tapering shell, [9] and to be closely related to the gastropods (snails). [10] The similarity of the early shelled cephalopod Plectronoceras to some gastropods was used to support this view.
The ancestors of coleoids (including most modern cephalopods) and the ancestors of the modern nautilus, had diverged by the Floian Age of the Early Ordovician Period, over 470 million years ago. [ 145 ] [ 147 ] The Bactritida , a Devonian–Triassic group of orthocones, are widely held to be paraphyletic without the coleoids and ammonoids, that ...
Orthoceratidae is an extinct family of actively mobile carnivorous cephalopods, subclass Nautiloidea, that lived in what would be North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia from the Ordovician through Triassic from 490—203.7 mya, existing for approximately
Orthocerida, also known as the Michelinocerida, is an order of extinct orthoceratoid cephalopods that lived from the Early Ordovician) possibly to the Late Triassic 1] A fossil found in the Caucasus suggests they may even have survived until the Early Cretaceous 2] and the Eocene fossil Antarcticeras is sometimes considered a descendant of the orthocerids although this is disputed.
Rousseau Flower defined the Ellesmerocerida as containing all archaic, ancestral cephalopods and established three suborders within: the Plectronoceratina, Ellesmeroceratina, and Cyrtocerinina. [5] Furnish and Glenister, in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K, [7] essentially followed suit with minor differences at the family level.
Plectronoceras is the earliest known shelled cephalopod, dating to the Late Cambrian. [1] [2] [3] None of the fossils are complete, and none show the apex or aperture of the shell. [3] Approximately half of its shell was filled with septa; 7 were recorded in a 2 centimetres (0.79 in) shell. [4]
Endoceratidae is a family of large to very large straight shelled nautiloid cephalopods belonging to the order Endocerida that lived during the Middle and Late Ordovician. They include the largest known Paleozoic invertebrates, represented by Endoceras and Cameroceras .
Ceratitida is an order that contains almost all ammonoid cephalopod genera from the Triassic as well as ancestral forms from the Upper Permian, the exception being the phylloceratids which gave rise to the great diversity of post-Triassic ammonites.