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Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed. [3] Runcaria was followed shortly after by plants with a more condensed cupule, such as Spermasporites and Moresnetia. Seed-bearing plants had diversified substantially by the Famennian, the last stage
Esau was a pioneering plant anatomist and her books Plant Anatomy (1953) and Anatomy of Seed Plants (1960) are considered "iconic texts" in plant structural biology. [1] Her early work in plant anatomy focused on the effect of viruses on plants, specifically on plant tissue and development. Her doctoral research had changed from field to ...
Chloroplasts in leaf cells of the moss Mnium stellare. Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants.Originally, it included plant morphology, the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
Plant growth and the plant cell from Kimball's Biology Pages; Botanical Society of America: What is Botany? Science & Plants for Schools; Teaching Documents about Botany Teaching documents, lecture; Why study Plants? Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge; Flora and other plant catalogs or databases. The Virtual Library of Botany
All spermatophytes ("seed plants") possess flowers as defined here (in a broad sense), but the internal organization of the flower is very different in the two main groups of spermatophytes: living gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms may possess flowers that are gathered in strobili, or the flower itself may be a strobilus of fertile leaves.
Although some authors, especially in the 19th century and earlier, use the word acotyledon to include plants which have no cotyledons because they lack seeds entirely (such as ferns and mosses), [1] [2] [3] others restrict the term to plants which have seeds but no cotyledons. [4] Flowering plants or angiosperms are divided into two large groups.
Among the species of Suaedoideae, there are nearly equal numbers of C 3-plants and C 4-plants.During the evolution of the subfamily, the C 4-photosynthesis pathway seems to have been derived from four independent origins: two times with Kranz C 4 anatomy in Suaeda section Salsina and Suaeda section Schoberia.
The oocytes were fertilized in the archegonia by free-swimming flagellate sperm produced by windborne miniaturized male gametophytes in the form of pre-pollen. The resulting zygote developed into the next sporophyte generation while still retained within the pre- ovule , the single large female meiospore or megaspore contained in the modified ...