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Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha. [8]Nirvana is the oldest and most common term for the end goal of the Buddhist path and the ultimate eradication of duḥkha—nature of life that innately includes "suffering", "pain", or "unsatisfactoriness". [9]
Women in Buddhism is a topic that can be approached from varied perspectives including those of theology, history, anthropology, and feminism.Topical interests include the theological status of women, the treatment of women in Buddhist societies at home and in public, the history of women in Buddhism, and a comparison of the experiences of women across different forms of Buddhism.
Issues of gender, the mortification of the body, and the body as a source of troublesome desire are all addressed within the Buddhist scriptural tradition directly, while Buddhist attitudes towards other, more contemporary issues have continued to develop and change in response to the social and material changes in modern society.
The findings reveal that the nuns’ attitudes reflect Buddhist soteriological inclusivity, which include ideas of gender equality and how men and women are both similar, and equal. [7] These nuns emphasize gender equality based on the results of their actions rather than equal opportunity to them.
[30] [46] Early Buddhist texts nearly always condemn alcohol, [47] and so do Chinese Buddhist post-canonical texts. [48] [49] In practice however, many lay Buddhists do not adhere to this precept and drinking is common in many Buddhist majority countries. [50] [51] Buddhist attitudes toward smoking differ per time and region, but are generally ...
Buddhist karma and karmic reincarnation are feared to potentially lead to fatalism and victim blaming. Paul Edwards says that karma does not provide a guide to action. Whitley Kaufman, in his 2014 book, cross-examines that there is a taut relationship between karma and free will and that if karma existed, then evil would not exist because all victims of evil just get "deserved". [1]
In the Vinaya Pali Canon, 4 gender types are defined: male, female, ubhatobyañjanaka and pandaka. ubhatobyañjanaka refers to intersex or literally a person with the signs of both binary sexes/genders. Paṇḍaka is a less clear cut case, all references have a central theme: some form of deficiency in male sexual reproductive capacity or ...
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