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Dynamical neuroscience describes the non-linear dynamics at many levels of the brain from single neural cells [3] to cognitive processes, sleep states and the behavior of neurons in large-scale neuronal simulation. [4] Neurons have been modeled as nonlinear systems for decades, but dynamical systems are not constrained to neurons.
Studies on diseases that are similar in nature to PD have revealed insights into the causes of movement disorders. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia is a form of epilepsy affecting the frontal lobe . Single genes have been identified on chromosomes 15, 20, and 21, which contribute to the pathology of these epilepsy disorders. [ 4 ]
Subsets of functional neurological disorders include functional neurologic symptom disorder (FNsD) (conversion disorder), functional movement disorder, and functional seizures. The diagnosis is made based on positive signs and symptoms in the history and examination during consultation of a neurologist. [3]
Ataxia (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.
Bodily distress disorder is a related term in the ICD-11. Somatic symptom disorder and bodily distress disorder have significant overlap with functional disorders and are often assigned if someone would benefit from psychological therapies addressing psychological or behavioural factors which contribute to the persistence of symptoms. However ...
Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three, [ 1 ] [ 8 ] are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics.
Classified as a "conversion disorder" by the DSM-IV, a psychogenic disease is a condition in which mental stressors cause physical symptoms matching other disorders. The manifestation of physical symptoms without biologically identifiable cause results from disruptions in normal brain function due to psychological stress.
Disorders of the visual system can lead to dizziness, vertigo, and feelings of instability. Vertigo is not associated with illusory self-motion as it does not typically make one feel as though they are moving; however, in a subclass of vertigo known as subjective vertigo one does experience their own motion.