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The condition is Lorentz invariant. The Lorenz gauge condition does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation +, where is the four-gradient and is any harmonic scalar function: that is, a scalar function obeying =, the equation of a massless scalar field.
The Coulomb gauge (also known as the transverse gauge) is used in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics and is defined by the gauge condition (more precisely, gauge fixing condition) (,) =. It is particularly useful for "semi-classical" calculations in quantum mechanics, in which the vector potential is quantized but the Coulomb ...
Thus, coordinate conditions are a type of gauge condition. [1] No coordinate condition is generally covariant, but many coordinate conditions are Lorentz covariant or rotationally covariant . Naively, one might think that coordinate conditions would take the form of equations for the evolution of the four coordinates, and indeed in some cases ...
The covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism refers to ways of writing the laws of classical electromagnetism (in particular, Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force) in a form that is manifestly invariant under Lorentz transformations, in the formalism of special relativity using rectilinear inertial coordinate systems.
More generally, if g is C k, α (with k larger than one) and Ric(g) is C l, α relative to some coordinate charts, then the transition function to a harmonic coordinate chart will be C k + 1, α, and so Ric(g) will be C min(l, k), α in harmonic coordinate charts. So, by the previous result, g will be C min(l, k) + 2, α in harmonic coordinate ...
There is gauge freedom in A in that of the three forms in this decomposition, only the coexact form has any effect on the electromagnetic tensor F = d A {\displaystyle F=dA} . Exact forms are closed, as are harmonic forms over an appropriate domain, so d d α = 0 {\displaystyle dd\alpha =0} and d γ = 0 {\displaystyle d\gamma =0} , always.
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The gauge-fixed potentials still have a gauge freedom under all gauge transformations that leave the gauge fixing equations invariant. Inspection of the potential equations suggests two natural choices. In the Coulomb gauge, we impose ∇ ⋅ A = 0, which is mostly used in the case of magneto statics when we can neglect the c −2 ∂ 2 A/∂t ...