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H + is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K +. This process also requires ATP as a source of energy; however, Cl − then follows the positive charge in the H + through an open apical channel protein. HCO 3 − secretion occurs to neutralize the acid secretions that make their way into the duodenum of the small intestine.
Mucous cells of the stomach lining secrete mucus (pink) into the lumen. Mucus (/ ˈ m j uː k ə s /, MEW-kəs) is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells.
The secretions of the different exocrine gastric gland cells produce a watery, acidic fluid into the stomach lumen called gastric juice. [5] [6] Gastric juice contains water, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, and salts. Adults produce around two to three litres of gastric juice per day. [5]
The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer. [1] Between the two muscle layers is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus). This controls peristalsis.
[clarification needed] Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum.
They contain an extensive secretory network of canaliculi from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H + /K + ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H + against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1, [ citation needed ] which is the steepest ...
Diagram of the alkaline mucous layer in the stomach with mucosal defense mechanisms. The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the gastric pits, to which the gastric glands empty. In humans, it is about one mm thick, and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety.
The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in the chyme. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum.