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Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, [2] [3] in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. [4]
Nonetheless, an estimated 87.5% of the world's flowering plant species are animal-pollinated, [36] and 60% of crop plant species [37] use animal pollinators. This includes the majority of fruits, many vegetables, and also fodder. [38] According to the USDA 80% of insect crop pollination in the US is due to honey bees. [39]
Although pollination can be achieved during pollen transport via wind, a large amount is also achieved via insect, specifically bee transport. In 1986, there was an estimated 17,000 million worth of crops that were solely pollinated by insects in the United States.
Larval Diptera feed in leaf-litter, in leaves, stems, roots, flower and seed heads of plants, moss, fungi, rotting wood, rotting fruit or other organic matter such as slime, flowing sap, and rotting cacti, carrion, dung, detritus in mammal bird or wasp nests, fine organic material including insect frass and micro-organisms.
Insect population decline affects ecosystems, and other animal populations, including humans. Insects are at "the structural and functional base of many of the world's ecosystems." [6] A 2019 global review warned that, if not mitigated by decisive action, the decline would have a catastrophic impact on the planet's ecosystems. [6]
Insect pollinators, like bees, are large contributors to crop production, over 200 billion dollars worth of crop species are pollinated by these insects. [71] Pollinators are also essential because they improve crop quality and increase genetic diversity, which is necessary in producing fruit with nutritional value and various flavors. [ 79 ]
Pollination of flowering plants by insects including bees, butterflies, flies, and beetles, is economically important. [162] The value of insect pollination of crops and fruit trees was estimated in 2021 to be about $34 billion in the US alone. [163] Insects produce useful substances such as honey, [164] wax, [165] [166] lacquer [167] and silk ...
Insect growth inhibitors (IGIs) and insect growth regulators (IGRs) are used in insects, especially Lepidoptera, to prevent the synthesis of chitin during development. Chitin is one of the major component which constitutes the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. Without chitin, insects cannot develop properly.