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Genghis Khan [a] (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, [b] was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes , he launched a series of military campaigns , conquering large parts of China and Central Asia .
Genghis Khan had invaded Khwarazm with an army of between 75,000 and 200,000 soldiers in late 1219. [a] Shah Muhammad II, wary of Mongol skill in battle and doubtful of his commanders' loyalties, adopted a defence in depth strategy based on garrisoning his cities, especially Otrar, Samarkand and Gurganj. [3]
By capturing Bukhara, Genghis Khan had split the forces of the Shah, which were located at Samarkand, Balkh, and Urgench. The Mongols, having encircled the city, were engaged by the Turko-Iranian defenders. The sortie, which consisted of twenty war-elephants and a large body of cavalry, was ambushed and driven back. [4]
The siege of Bamyan (Persian: محاصره بامیان) was a siege that took place in 1221, during the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.An army under the leadership of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, who was in pursuit of Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, besieged the citadel of Shahr-e-Gholghola near modern Bamiyan.
However, Genghis Khan managed to induce Shimo Ming'an to surrender and defect to his side. Shimo Ming'an even provided the Mongols with military intelligence about the Jin army. Genghis Khan sent his general Muqali to lead the Balu Unit (八魯營) to launch a surprise cavalry charge on the enemy via a passage at Huan'erzui (獾兒嘴; lit ...
The caliphate reemerged as a significant power under al-Nasir (r. 1180–1225), who saw off threats from the last Seljuk rulers and their successors, the Khwarazmians. Muhammad II of Khwarazm's 1217 invasion of the Abbasids failed, and his realm was soon invaded by the armies of Genghis Khan, first ruler of the Mongol Empire. [3]
Genghis Khan conquered Beijing after raiding northern China.Then he forced the Uyghur clans to obey him, Kuchlug Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribes, who had dominated the lands of the Qara Khitai tribes, was driven from there, and thus Genghis found a common border with the Khwarazmian Empire, whose eastern border had reached these areas.
Genghis Khan receiving Jin envoys. The Mongols learned that a famine had struck the Jin, [6] and invaded in 1211. [7] Two armies were dispatched by the Mongols into Jin territory, with one under the command of Genghis himself. [8] The Jin built up its armies and reinforced its cities in preparation for the Mongol incursion.