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In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. This is the principle of compound motion established by Galileo in 1638, [ 1 ] and used by him to prove the parabolic form of projectile motion.
Snap, [6] or jounce, [2] is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time, or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time. [4] Equivalently, it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity, and is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions: = ȷ = = =.
The impact depth of a projectile is the distance it penetrates into a target before coming to a stop. The physicist Sir Isaac Newton first developed this idea to get rough approximations for the impact depth for projectiles traveling at high velocities.
A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics , a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates ; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum , simultaneously.
The surface of the projectile also must be considered: a smooth projectile will face less air resistance than a rough-surfaced one, and irregularities on the surface of a projectile may change its trajectory if they create more drag on one side of the projectile than on the other. However, certain irregularities such as dimples on a golf ball ...
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
A projectile is any object projected into space (empty or not) by the exertion of a force. Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown baseball) is a projectile, the term most commonly refers to a weapon. [8] [9] Mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectory. [citation needed]
English: Trajectories of projectiles launched at different elevation angles and a speed of 10 m/s. A vacuum and a uniform downward gravity field of 10 m/s² is assumed. t = time from launch, T = time of flight, R = range and H = highest point of trajectory (indicated by arrows).