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Definition of the Lorentz factor γ. The Lorentz factor or Lorentz term (also known as the gamma factor [1]) is a dimensionless quantity expressing how much the measurements of time, length, and other physical properties change for an object while it moves. The expression appears in several equations in special relativity, and it arises in ...
The Lorentz factor γ retains its definition for a boost in any direction, since it depends only on the magnitude of the relative velocity. The definition β = v/c with magnitude 0 ≤ β < 1 is also used by some authors.
A sample solution in the Lorenz attractor when ρ = 28, σ = 10, and β = 8 / 3 . The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz.
Lorentz transformations are Poincaré transformations which are linear transformations (preserve the origin). Lorentz transformations play the same role in Minkowski geometry (the Lorentz group forms the isotropy group of the self-isometries of the spacetime) which are played by rotations in euclidean geometry.
Lorentz factor as a function of speed (in natural units where c = 1). Notice that for small speeds (as v tends to zero), γ is approximately 1. In addition to the light clock used above, the formula for time dilation can be more generally derived from the temporal part of the Lorentz transformation. [28]
Below are few ultrarelativistic approximations when .The rapidity is denoted : Motion with constant proper acceleration: d ≈ e aτ /(2a), where d is the distance traveled, a = dφ/dτ is proper acceleration (with aτ ≫ 1), τ is proper time, and travel starts at rest and without changing direction of acceleration (see proper acceleration for more details).
To find the average speed, , one must compute (), where () = / is the speed in terms of its Lorentz factor. The integral simplifies to the closed- form expression: The integral simplifies to the closed- form expression:
The factor is a function of the three-dimensional velocity . When certain Lorentz scalars are multiplied by the four-velocity, one then gets new physical four-vectors that have 4 independent components. For example: