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The wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola) is a small wader belonging to the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. A Eurasian species , it is the smallest of the shanks , a genus of mid-sized, long-legged waders that largely inhabit freshwater and wetland environments, as opposed to the maritime or coastal habitats of other, similar species.
Sandpipers have long bodies and legs, and narrow wings. Most species have a narrow bill, but the form and length are variable. They are small to medium-sized birds, measuring 12 to 66 cm (4.7–26.0 in) in length.
Spotted sandpiper: Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766) 55 Green sandpiper: Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758: 56 Solitary sandpiper: Tringa solitaria Wilson, A, 1813: 57 Grey-tailed tattler: Tringa brevipes (Vieillot, 1816) 58 Wandering tattler: Tringa incana (Gmelin, JF, 1789) 59 Marsh sandpiper: Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) 60 Wood sandpiper
The common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle.
The common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a small Palearctic wader. This bird and its American sister species , the spotted sandpiper ( A. macularia ), make up the genus Actitis . They are parapatric and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and hybridize .
The white wing band is distinctive in flight, both above and below. The willet is an inelegant and heavily built shorebird with a structure similar to that of the common redshank but being larger in size than the greater yellowlegs while resembling a godwit in flight with black primary coverts and primaries contrasting with a broad white band, white secondaries with a white rump and gray tail ...
Adults have long yellow legs and a long, thin, dark bill which has a slight upward curve and is longer than the head. The body is grey-brown on top and white underneath; the neck and breast are streaked with dark brown. The rump is white. It ranges in length from 29 to 40 cm (11 to 16 in) and in weight from 111 to 250 g (3.9 to 8.8 oz).
T. totanus on the other hand is closely related to the marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis), and closer still to the small wood sandpiper (T. glareola). The ancestors of the latter and the common redshank seem to have diverged around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, about 5–6 million years ago.