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Burning pieces of wood, showing various stages of pyrolysis followed by oxidative combustion. Pyrolysis is the process of thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere [ 1 ] without access to oxygen.
The burning of wood results in about 6–10% ashes on average. [2] The residue ash of 0.43 and 1.82 percent of the original mass of burned wood (assuming dry basis, meaning that H 2 O is driven off) is produced for certain woods if it is pyrolized until all volatiles disappear and it is burned at 350 °C (662 °F) for 8 hours.
Burning fuel converts chemical energy into heat energy; wood has been used as fuel since prehistory. [27] The International Energy Agency states that nearly 80% of the world's power has consistently come from fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal in the past decades. [28]
The flames caused as a result of a fuel undergoing combustion (burning) Air pollution abatement equipment provides combustion control for industrial processes.. Combustion, or burning, [1] is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
A bus, powered by wood gas generated by a gasifier on a trailer, Leeds, England, c. 1943. The first wood gasifier was apparently built by Gustav Bischof in 1839. The first vehicle powered by wood gas was built by T.H. Parker in 1901. [2] Around 1900, many cities delivered fuel gases (centrally produced, typically from coal) to residences.
Other oxidizers besides oxygen can be used to produce a flame. Hydrogen burning in chlorine produces a flame and in the process emits gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) as the combustion product. [5] Another of many possible chemical combinations is hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide which is hypergolic and commonly used in rocket engines.
Charcoal Packaging of charcoal for export in Namibia. Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
Since the heat of combustion of these elements is known, the heating value can be calculated using Dulong's Formula: HHV [kJ/g]= 33.87m C + 122.3(m H - m O ÷ 8) + 9.4m S where m C , m H , m O , m N , and m S are the contents of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on any (wet, dry or ash free) basis, respectively.