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Figure 1: Example two-port network with symbol definitions. Notice the port condition is satisfied: the same current flows into each port as leaves that port.. In electronics, a two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (i.e. a circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits.
If all circuit components were linear or the circuit was linearized beforehand, the equation system at this point is a system of linear equations and is solved with numerical linear algebra methods. Otherwise, it is a nonlinear algebraic equation system and is solved with nonlinear numerical methods such as Root-finding algorithms.
A translinear circuit is a circuit that carries out its function using the translinear principle. These are current-mode circuits that can be made using transistors that obey an exponential current-voltage characteristic—this includes bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and CMOS transistors in weak inversion.
In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a single resistor in parallel.
In particular, for networks which contain only two-terminal devices, circuit topology can be viewed as an application of graph theory. In a network analysis of such a circuit from a topological point of view, the network nodes are the vertices of graph theory, and the network branches are the edges of graph theory.
Simple resistive network with three possible port arrangements: (a) Pole pairs (1, 2) and (3, 4) are ports; (b) pole pairs (1, 4) and (2, 3) are ports; (c) no pair of poles are ports. Any node of a circuit that is available for connection to an external circuit is called a pole (or terminal if it is a physical object).
Wilhelm Cauer found a transformation that could generate all possible equivalents of a given rational, [note 9] passive, linear one-port, [note 8] or in other words, any given two-terminal impedance. Transformations of 4-terminal, especially 2-port, networks are also commonly found and transformations of yet more complex networks are possible.
A linear circuit is an electronic circuit which obeys the superposition principle.This means that the output of the circuit F(x) when a linear combination of signals ax 1 (t) + bx 2 (t) is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x 1 (t) and x 2 (t) applied separately: