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Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
Its immunosuppressive functions then come to dominate, contributing to oncogenesis. [8] The dysregulation of its immunosuppressive functions is also implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although their effect is mediated by the environment of other cytokines present. [5] [9]
MIP-1α and MIP-1β are major factors produced by macrophages and monocytes after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxin [5] or proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. [4] But it appears that they can be expressed by all hematopoietic cells and some tissue cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or ...
16183 Ensembl ENSG00000109471 ENSMUSG00000027720 UniProt P60568 P04351 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000586 NM_008366 RefSeq (protein) NP_000577 NP_032392 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 122.45 – 122.46 Mb Chr 3: 37.17 – 37.18 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a ...
3552 16175 Ensembl ENSG00000115008 ENSMUSG00000027399 UniProt P01583 P01582 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000575 NM_001371554 NM_010554 RefSeq (protein) NP_000566 NP_001358483 NP_034684 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 112.77 – 112.78 Mb Chr 2: 129.14 – 129.15 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin ...
CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics [ 5 ] and thereby recruits monocytes , memory T cells , and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection .
CCL4 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine subfamily. CCL4 is being secreted under mitogenic signals and antigens and hereby acts as a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and various other immune cells in the site of inflamed or damaged tissue. [5]