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  2. List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_loanwords...

    Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).

  3. Mandarin Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese

    我 wǒ I 给 gěi give 你 nǐ you 一本 yìběn a 书 shū book [我給你一本書] 我 给 你 一本 书 wǒ gěi nǐ yìběn shū I give you a book In southern dialects, as well as many southwestern and Lower Yangtze dialects, the objects occur in the reverse order. Most varieties of Chinese use post-verbal particles to indicate aspect, but the particles used vary. Most Mandarin ...

  4. Medan Hokkien - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_Hokkien

    Medan Hokkien’s origin could be linguistically traced back to Penang Hokkien [7] and its Kedahan roots. [8] Early presence of Chinese in Medan could be found in Pulau Kampai [9] and Kota China, [10] with archaeological discoveries pointing out the presence of Chinese traders as far back as 12th century CE.

  5. Huan-a - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huan-a

    Huan-a (Chinese: 番仔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoan-á) is a Hokkien-language term used by Hokkien speakers in multiple countries, namely mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.

  6. Malaysian Mandarin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin

    A Malaysian man speaking Mandarin with a Malaysian accent. The phonology of Malaysian Mandarin is more closely aligned with the Mandarin accents of Southern China than with the Beijing standard pronunciation. This is a consequence of the influence of other Sinitic varieties, including Cantonese and Hokkien [1]

  7. Mandarin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin

    Old Mandarin or Early Mandarin was the speech of northern China during the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12th to 14th centuries). Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) , the spoken standard of the Ming and Qing dynasties of China

  8. Putonghua Proficiency Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua_Proficiency_Test

    Candidates who pass the test are given a Certificate of Putonghua Proficiency Level at levels 1, 2 or 3, each of which is subdivided into grades A and B: [8] [9] Level 1-A (97% correct) is required for presenters in national and provincial radio and television.

  9. Harbin dialect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_dialect

    The vocabulary of Harbin dialect is different from Standard Mandarin for two reasons. One of the sources of the distinct lexical features of the Harbin dialect is the area's colonial Russian influence. The Russian colonial period started in the 1900s, which marked the start of the influx of large amounts of Russian vocabulary, especially ...