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The first paper explained the photoelectric effect, which established the energy of the light quanta =, and was the only specific discovery mentioned in the citation awarding Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. [3] The second paper explained Brownian motion, which established the Einstein relation = and compelled physicists to accept the ...
Within months, Einstein's description of Brownian motion was experimentally verified by Henry Siedentopf. [8]: 103–106 In 1905, Einstein developed his special theory of relativity, which reconciled the Galilean relativity of motion with the observed constancy of the speed of light (a paradox of 19th-century physics). [14]
This observation is useful in defining Brownian motion on an m-dimensional Riemannian manifold (M, g): a Brownian motion on M is defined to be a diffusion on M whose characteristic operator in local coordinates x i, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, is given by 1 / 2 Δ LB, where Δ LB is the Laplace–Beltrami operator given in local coordinates by ...
In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected [clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, [1] [2] [3] Albert Einstein in 1905, [4] and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 [5] in their works on Brownian motion.
For example, Albert Einstein noted in his 1905 paper on Brownian motion that the same random forces that cause the erratic motion of a particle in Brownian motion would also cause drag if the particle were pulled through the fluid. In other words, the fluctuation of the particle at rest has the same origin as the dissipative frictional force ...
In 1905, Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion. [1] [2] French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein's results to experimentally determine the mass, and the dimensions, of atoms, thereby conclusively verifying Dalton's atomic theory. [3]
In that year, Albert Einstein published his paper on Brownian motion, putting to rest theories that had regarded molecules as mathematical illusions. Einstein subsequently identified matter as ultimately composed of various concentrations of energy. [1] [3]
In the centennial of "Annus Mirabilis" of 1905 (the miracle year during which Einstein published his five major papers on the special theory of relativity, Brownian motion and the quantum theory, which earned him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics), the UNESCO designated year 2005 to be the World Year of Physics (WYP).