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Also unlike addition and multiplication, exponentiation is not associative: for example, (2 3) 2 = 8 2 = 64, whereas 2 (3 2) = 2 9 = 512. Without parentheses, the conventional order of operations for serial exponentiation in superscript notation is top-down (or right -associative), not bottom-up [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] (or left -associative).
For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [2] [3] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3, the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9.
5.2.4 Higher order approximations for real ... for n = 2, 3, 4, ... multiplication, and exponentiation can be defined in ways that allow for extensions to real and ...
The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations.
For example, 3 × x 2 is written as 3x 2, and 2 × x × y is written as 2xy. [5] Sometimes, multiplication symbols are replaced with either a dot or center-dot, so that x × y is written as either x. y or x · y. Plain text, programming languages, and calculators also use a single asterisk to represent the multiplication symbol, [6] and it must ...
This set is ordered lexicographically with the least significant position first: we write f < g if and only if there exists x ∈ β with f(x) < g(x) and f(y) = g(y) for all y ∈ β with x < y. This is a well-ordering and hence gives an ordinal number. The definition of exponentiation can also be given by transfinite recursion on the exponent β.
Exponentiation and logarithm do not have general identity elements and inverse elements like addition and multiplication. The neutral element of exponentiation in relation to the exponent is 1, as in 14 1 = 14 {\displaystyle 14^{1}=14} .
The first three values of the expression x[5]2. The value of 3[5]2 is 7 625 597 484 987; values for higher x, such as 4[5]2, which is about 2.361 × 10 8.072 × 10 153 are much too large to appear on the graph. In mathematics, pentation (or hyper-5) is the fifth hyperoperation.