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In vitro toxicity testing is the scientific analysis of the toxic effects of chemical substances on cultured bacteria or mammalian cells. [1] In vitro (literally 'in glass') testing methods are employed primarily to identify potentially hazardous chemicals and/or to confirm the lack of certain toxic properties in the early stages of the development of potentially useful new substances such as ...
A method which could help decrease animal testing is the use of in vitro batteries, where several in vitro assays are compiled to cover multiple endpoints. Within developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity there are hopes for test batteries to become easy screening methods for prioritization for which chemicals to be risk assessed ...
Serial passage can either be performed in vitro or in vivo. In the in vitro method, a virus or a strain of bacteria will be isolated and allowed to grow for a certain time. After the sample has grown for that time, part of it will be transferred to a new environment and allowed to grow for the same period.
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). [1] [2] A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. [3] If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it is quantitative ...
Therefore, it is extremely important to build a consistent and reliable in vitro to in vivo extrapolation method. Two solutions are now commonly accepted: (1) Increasing the complexity of in vitro systems where multiple cells can interact with each other in order recapitulate cell-cell interactions present in tissues (as in "human on chip ...
Used to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample. [13] [14] Molecular biology: Optogenetics: Uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels: Neuroscience: Oscilloscope
This method, which is commonly used with Mueller–Hinton agar, is used by evenly seeding bacteria over a petri dish and applying an antibiotic treated disk to the top of the agar. By observing the ring formed around the disk formed due to the lack of bacterial growth, the zone of inhibition can be found, which is used to find the ...
Also, it is extensively used in research for the detection of DNA damage, [48] [49] caspase cleavage and apoptosis. [50] Photoacoustic flow cytometry is used in the study of multi-drug-resistant bacteria (most commonly MRSA) to detect, differentiate, and quantify bacteria in the blood marked with dyed bacteriophages. [51]