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The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question. The azimuthal angle is denoted by φ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] {\displaystyle \varphi \in [0,2\pi ]} : it is the angle between the x -axis and the projection of the radial vector onto the xy -plane.
In green, the point with radial coordinate 3 and angular coordinate 60 degrees or (3, 60°). In blue, the point (4, 210°). In mathematics, the polar coordinate system specifies a given point in a plane by using a distance and an angle as its two coordinates. These are the point's distance from a reference point called the pole, and
It assigns three numbers (known as coordinates) to every point in Euclidean space: radial distance r, polar angle θ , and azimuthal angle φ . The symbol ρ ( rho ) is often used instead of r . In geometry , a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers , or coordinates , to uniquely determine the position of the points or ...
Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...
Even with these restrictions, if the polar angle (inclination) is 0° or 180°—elevation is −90° or +90°—then the azimuth angle is arbitrary; and if r is zero, both azimuth and polar angles are arbitrary. To define the coordinates as unique, the user can assert the convention that (in these cases) the arbitrary coordinates are set to zero.
In geometry, the polar angle may be 2D polar angle , the angular coordinate of a two-dimensional polar coordinate system 3D polar angle , one of the angular coordinates of a three-dimensional spherical coordinate system
Below the complex spherical harmonics are represented on 2D plots with the azimuthal angle, , on the horizontal axis and the polar angle, , on the vertical axis.The saturation of the color at any point represents the magnitude of the spherical harmonic and the hue represents the phase.
WGS84 angle to distance conversion: Image title: Length of one degree (black), minute (blue) and second (red) of latitude and longitude in metric (upper half) and imperial (lower half) units at a given latitude in WGS84 by CMG Lee. For comparison, dotted lines denote corresponding lengths assuming a spherical Earth.