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"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)" (French: "Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d'État (Notes pour une recherche)") [1] is an essay by the French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. First published in 1970, it advances Althusser's conception and critique of ideology.
Althusser argued that "there is no ideology except by the subject and for the subject". [6] This notion of subjectivity became central to his thought. According to Althusser, "ideology has always-already interpellated individuals", [6] that is, individuals are constituted as subjects through being interpellated from before they are even born ...
Louis Pierre Althusser (UK: / ˌ æ l t ʊ ˈ s ɛər /, US: / ˌ ɑː l t uː ˈ s ɛər /; [4] French:; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher who studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.
Structural Marxism (sometimes called Althusserian Marxism) is an approach to Marxist philosophy based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser and his students. It was influential in France during the 1960s and 1970s, and also came to influence philosophers, political theorists and ...
In itself, the political system is an ideological apparatus, because citizens' participation involves intellectually accepting the ideological "fiction, corresponding to a 'certain' reality, that the component parts of the [political] system, as well as the principle of its functioning, are based on the ideology of the 'freedom' and 'equality ...
She complimented Lewis for his treatment of Althusser's philosophy and its relevance to "long-standing debates" about knowledge, but disagreed with his view that Althusser's description of philosophy and science was "excessively rationalist and conventionalist", observing that it was "really an affirmation of a criticism levied by others".
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Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays is a collection of essays, written by the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, published in 1971. [10] A similar edition in French is Lénine et la philosophie suivi de Marx et Lénine devant Hegel (Paris, 1972).